Essay on Discourse in A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man

Authoritative Discourse in A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man    In James Joyce's A Portrait of An Artist As A Young Man, the main character, Stephen Dedalus, struggles between his natural instincts, or what Bakhtin calls the "internally persuasive discourse" that "[is not] backed up by [an] authority at all", and his learned response, reinforced by the "authoritative discourse" of religion. To Stephen's "internally persuasive discourse", his natural sex drive is not 'wrong'. It is only after he succumbs to the "authoritative discourse" of religion that he learns that such a natural human drive is 'bad'. Thus, he learns that it is wrong to succumb to sex: he does not think that it is bad on his own. In this case, the "authoritative discourse" that considers sexual drive to be 'bad' becomes Stephen's "internally persuasive discourse". He learns that his natural urges are wrong and, as a result, he learns to deny them and pretend them to be nonexistent. This is how the "authoritative discourse" becomes Stephen's "internally persuasive discourse".   Ã‚  Ã‚   The evidence that Stephen relies on his senses is best shown by the description of how much he has to deny his senses in order to reach the "discourse" of religion.    Each of his senses was brought under a religious discipline. In order to mortify the sense of sight he made it his rule to walk in the street with downcast eyes, glancing neither to right nor left and never behind him. His eyes shunned every encounter with the eyes of women (162-3).    However, there is a natural impulse from which he cannot escape: and that is his sense of touch. He may try to deny it in all possible ways but he cannot wholly escape it. This sense of touch is what causes ... ...567-75. Epstein, Edmund L.   The Ordeal of Stephen Dedalus.   Carbondale and   Edwardsville:   Southern Illinois U P, 1971. Givens, Seon, ed.   James Joyce:   Two Decades of Criticism. New York:   1948. 2nd ed.   1963. Goldman, Arnold.   The Joyce Paradox:   Form and Freedom in his Fiction.   Evanston,   IL:   Northwestern U P,   1966. Halper, Nathan.   The Early James Joyce.   Columbia Essays on   Modern Writers.  Ã‚   Ed.   George Stade.   New York:   Columbia U P, 1973. Joyce, James.   A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.   The Portable James Joyce.   Ed.  Ã‚   Harry   Levin.   New   York:   Penguin, 1976. Levin, Harry.   "The Artist." James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:  Ã‚   Text, Criticism, and Notes.   Ed.   Chester G. Anderson.   New York:   Penguin,   1968.   399-415. Wright, David G.   Characters of Joyce.   Dublin:   Gill and Macmillan, 1983.   

Extraterrestial Influence :: miscellaneous

Extraterrestial Influence All our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike and yet it is the most precious thing we have. -Albert Einstein INTRODUCTION There are many things in this world that go unexplained. Not anymore, it was all aliens, everything you can’t figure out like, â€Å"Where does one sock go when I do the laundry?†, and â€Å"How do you get the caramel into the Caramilk bar?† Aliens. Earth has been profoundly impacted by extraterrestrials in its short history. Everything from supplying life-giving chemicals and wiping out the dinosaurs with meteorites to influencing human culture and evolution. The whole world is filled with evidence of extraterrestrials, though it is usually denied and ignored by governments and academics. This essay will provide a brief analysis of extraterrestrial events or evidence thereof the were especially significant. THE BEGINNING OF LIFE Evolutionary theory suggests that life on earth has been developing for millions of years into more and more complex organisms. These organisms evolved from inorganic molecules through the release of UV, heat and electrical energy in the atmosphere of early Earth. This theory was found to be valid by Stan Miller in 1953, who through a series of tests managed to create some hydrocarbons and amino acids out of chemicals that were present on earth 3.5 billion years ago. These hydrocarbons and amino acids are very susceptible to oxidation and would not exist for very long in an oxygen based environment. Though there was very little oxygen in earth’s atmosphere at the time, the large amount of energy present would have easily electrolyzed some water and produced oxygen gas, which is bad for the amino acids. A much more likely place for amino acids and hydrocarbons to develop would be in large dust clouds in space, such as the one that condensed to form our solar system. Evidence fo r this theory comes from the many carbonaceous chondrite meteorites recovered (these same life giving meteors have also led to many mass extinctions in earth’s history). A NASA research group examined one such meteorite in 1970 and found a higher concentration of amino acids and hydrocarbons than are present on earth today (Kvenvolden, K., Lawless, J., Pering, K., Peterson, E., Flores, J., Ponnamperuma, C., Kaplan, I.R., Moore, C., 197). In addition the amino acids had a higher concentration of L enantiomers than R-enantiomers, as is seen on earth (Chyba, 1997). This seems to suggest that the basic chemicals for life were derived extraterrestrially.

A Survey of Engineering Education in Nigeria Essay

Sustainable development at local, regional and global scales is perhaps the most daunting challenge that humanity has ever faced. Knowledge and its application are two elements common and central to each of the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development and the many approaches aimed at achieving sustainability. Solutions to the major sustainability problems of the 21st century including poverty alleviation, decoupling of economic growth and environmental impact, renewable energy sources, desertification, diminishing ecosystem services, biodiversity maintenance and use, climate change, and the risk of megacities – all critically require knowledge from scientific research and appropriate technologies. Those solutions are available to any society which invests adequately in the optimum education and training of its engineers. The role of educational outcomes in the promotion of economic growth has long been recognized by economists and other people. Early researchers like Smith are cited by Okoye (1989) to have noted the acquisition and use of the abilities of all inhabitants or members of a society through education as part of its economic fortune. Engineering education has been an integral part of national development strategies in many societies because of its impact on productivity and economic development. Galloway cited by Eze (2008) made a serious case about engineering education reform for the American Society in particular and for the global arena in general. She argued that if engineers are to compete successfully in the global world in the 21st century and establish the profession as a leader in solving most of the world’s problem of infrastructural development, engineering education must embrace the need for professional innovation and do so very quickly. Central to this innovation, the presentation explained that the institutional understanding for the long established methods of practicing engineering and educating future engineers are in critical need of reforms, if the profession must remain relevant. If United States that have almost finished public infrastructure can be invited to any engineering education improvement summit, then Nigeria who is in search of technological and economic transformation that could rival that of the 1st world countries come the year 2020 needs total overhaul in engineering administration and training. Nigerian institutions turn out large number of engineering graduates every year. Yet, not many of our engineers are involved in many of the engineering activities going on in most parts of the country. Why?  We shall examine briefly the making of the Nigerian engineer as a basis for determining his relevance and proper placement in committee of global professionals. THE EDUCATION OF THE NIGERIAN ENGINEER Ideally, an engineer has to be trained in a broad sense so as to be able to synthesize ideas, design new systems, plants and machinery and manage a complex mixture of resources including men, materials, machinery and money. In pursuance of this, the Nigerian engineer begins his introduction to formal learning much like any other person from the very basic forms i. e. the nursery and primary schools. He then proceeds to the secondary school which is where some diversification begins. Here, the student gets his first introduction to basic science and technology ideas and concepts. This also marks the beginning of the process where the individual attains cognition, acquires process skills and develops scientific attitudes which will enable him think critically. After the secondary level, he then progresses to the tertiary stage. The entry qualification to an engineering program had been reviewed by Oluka et al. This involves a minimum of five credits in ordinary level subjects which must include mathematics and the basic sciences. With this qualification, candidates apply through the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) who conducts a national examination for applicants. Final admission is given by JAMB on recommendation by the Universities based on certain policies which include merit, educationally disadvantaged states and discretion. For direct entry students, admission is given without any examination. However, the candidates must have the higher school certificate or GCE advanced level in three subjects-Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Candidates must undergo at least 6 months of Industrial Attachment under the SIWES program sponsored by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Oluka et al (1999). It is in the Universities that the engineer gets properly acquainted with engineering theories and practical via the regular forms of formal training (lectures, seminars, projects etc) and interactions with experienced people in the field of study. The selection and organization of curriculum content, curriculum implementation and evaluation, the development, distribution and use of teaching materials,  standard of examinations among other things go a long way in determining the effectiveness of this process and how the workforce of engineers being produced through it is able to meet the demands and yearnings of a fast changing world. ROBLEMS OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN NIGERIA THE CURRICULUM OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS EVALUATION As discussed above, some factors such as the curriculum and how it is implemented, facilities available, prevailing government policies regarding education, general standard of education in Nigeria affect the quality of the engineers that are produced by the system. While the domain of education in Nigeria has been growing largely because of the need to have adequate manpower to meet the challenges of making the country great and to meet the demands of the 21 century, unfortunately, there is no sustained efforts to use education to prepare the Nigerian engineer to meet the on-the-job requirements of entrepreneurs in blue chip companies in the country or to fend for himself and also create job for others given the supposed wealth of knowledge. This simply means that the dydx in the classroom require some modifications so as to translate to putting food on the Nigerian engineer’s table in the event of job unavailability upon graduation. What obtains now is as dangerous as it is disheartening. An average Nigerian graduate engineer is considered â€Å"half baked† or †unemployable† because they have been claimed not to possess adequate competencies required by their end users. This has thrown a big challenge to tertiary education and training of future engineers in Nigeria. It is noteworthy that the problems related to curricula became noticeable soon after Nigeria’s independence from colonial rule in 1960. By the mid-1960s, educators and educational planners were rethinking Nigeria’s education system and in particular, the curriculum being taught in the schools. The question is; has Nigeria educational policy been capable of providing the needed manpower development to stir the nation’s socio-economic exigencies left by the colonial masters? Eze (2008) affirms that an independent survey by an indigenous project managing firm put the contribution of engineering construction of all categories and dimensions to Nigeria’s GDP at only 1. 5%. This is compared with 6% which the sector contributes to GDP in most developed and developing economies. For example, engineering related activities account for about 8% of the UK’s GDP, 16% in Republic of Ireland’s, 11% of the United Arab Emirates, 6% GDP in India and South Africa respectively. The slow pace of industrialization and technological growth in Nigeria can be attributed to the widening gap between science and technology as a result of inability of engineering education programme to adequately utilize the scientific ideas to promote technology. Science Teachers’ Association of Nigeria (STAN) is a body that have worked hard to translate national and educational objectives into curricula and teaching objectives through the development of curricula designed to help individuals attain cognition, acquire process skills and develop scientific attitudes which will enable them to think critically, manage and use available resources, to effectively adapt to their environment, assume responsibilities and fulfill domestic, economic, social, and political roles. The council for the regulation of engineering in Nigeria (COREN) can as a matter of urgency seek any needed support from government and institute an active machinery to give a critical appraisal of the engineering education curriculum with a view to identifying defects and devising original solutions. Today, there are many institutions made up of eighty nine universities owned by government and private organizations, several colleges of education and agriculture and mono/polytechnic that produce graduates for the few job situations that are available in the country. The graduate engineer is therefore faced with the difficulty of readily gaining jobs immediately after school due to the deficiencies in the curriculum and evaluation pattern in which he was molded. Some of the problems associated with the current curricular and evaluation methods include but not limited to the following: * They are based on a foreign model involving ideal conditions (staff, equipment, infrastructure, training opportunities, etc) that are not easily duplicated in developing countries. * There is a shortage of highly competent indigenous teaching and support staff with h sufficient wide practical experience of technological intricacies. * The curricular seems to exhibit some imbalance between pure and applied sciences and the practical engineering and technology realities, project/business management and innovation concepts and entrepreneurship skills development. * The duration of the sectional semesters for the teaching of engineering courses is very short to allow for good comprehension and application by the students. * The student evaluation and grading is almost dependent on his performance on theoretical examinations devoid of consolidating practical orientation. SELECTION OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS Given a very good curriculum, engineering education administration must be free from mediocrity. My participation in teaching and invigilating engineering students’ examinations raised issues which have continued to agitate my mind as a lecturer, and as one who is expected to make inputs to the production of good engineers. A good percentage of the students find it very difficult to understand the basic principles of engineering courses and hence put a very poor performance in the examinations. This is a pointer that they are not supposed to have been admitted into the engineering school in the first place. In event of escaping a dependable and credible admission scrutiny, COREN in conjunction with the engineering school administration should device a process of pruning the engineering misfits and placing them in other disciplines where they would perform better and later contribute to nation building. The problem recognition, formulation and solution task of an engineer really calls for a little above average students who will later consider societal repercussions and constraints within a complex landscape of old and new ideas. With this, Nigerian engineering graduates will be dissociated from the report of Okadara (1984) and Oladeji (1994) who variously showed that of the initial years of tertiary education, majority of graduates (86. 6%) found work within two months of searching, but as their institution grew older, the length of time they needed to find employment increased. I strongly believe that institutions remain the same but the quality of students that pass through it experience gradual degeneration due to unwarranted compromise. INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT Suppose the right students are admitted into the engineering schools and their training is guided by a well structured and societal problem-responsive curriculum, the problem of poor or absence of state-of-the-art laboratories, instructional materials and a conducive engineering academic environment must also be arrested. The situation why engineering graduates find it difficult to secure adequate job after their graduation is not unconnected with infrastructural handicaps in their institutions which is no fault of theirs. Consequently, many engineering graduates do not possess appropriate job competencies required by employers. Some could not develop their personality traits due to the absence of suitable infrastructure to spur creative and innovative strategies that could promote the engineer’s qualities and enhance his proficiency. Unfortunately, several end users of engineering graduates’ skills have had to spend huge sums of money to retrain these graduates to suit their business after the completion of their programmes of study, even though they were selected at the background of excellent and imposing certificates. This certainly calls for engineering curriculum innovation and renewal, better monitoring and evaluation of engineering students, as well as immediate overhaul of engineering schools infrastructure in Nigeria. Such action must be in line with every factor needed by engineering students to confidently secure or create employment easily for themselves and the several others who are waiting on the unending employment queues outside the tertiary institutions. Our universities, polytechnics and technical colleges that are supposed to train proficient engineers, technologists, and technicians are now filled with obsolete and in most cases nonfunctional equipment. This affects the quality of products from these technological institutions. India, it is claimed, ranks third to the United States and the former USSR in scientific and technical manpower (The Nigerian Engineer, December 2003). It has over four million scientists and engineers. In 1985, Indian universities have 750,000 Engineering students registered. There were five elite institutions called India Institutes of Technology, funded and equipped to the highest standards, to provide high quality university graduates in electronics, computer science and other high technology disciplines. Their products emigrate in large number to the University States and other countries to apply their skills where they are also valued and in demand, like the Republic of Ireland and Philippines. It is however not a surprise to see engineering graduates in our Nigerian Universities who cannot differentiate between a bolt and a nut. Some other problems associated with engineering education and technology development in Nigeria includes but not limited to the following: * Lack of innovation and motivation. * Graduates are produced in older discipline at the expense of new or emerging discipline. * Poor funding * Graduates of Science and Technology exodus to other professional areas * Dilapidated and obsolete state and quality of laboratories in engineering schools and departments * Very astronomical student increase and lecturers decline TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT The technological development of any nation is critical to the economic survival and vibrancy of that nation. This holds particularly true for developing nations like Nigeria, who is still grappling with chronic problems of public infrastructure, total unemployment and underemployment, which have retained them in the class of 3rd world countries with dismal economic frustration. A country is said to be technologically backward when * It cannot produce capital goods such as tractors, lathe machines, drilling machines, cars, trains, and other very important equipment. * It is unable to exploit her natural resources except with the help of foreigners who will normally provide the technology and expertise to undertake the exploitation of her resources. * It is unable to mechanize her agriculture i. e. crude implements are still used for agricultural production activities by a large percentage of those who are involved in agricultural production. * It depends on other countries for the supply of its spare parts for industrial machinery etc. Nigeria can be adjudged a technologically underdeveloped/poor country going by their possession of all the characteristics itemized above. The greatest contributor to her qualification as such is the inadequacy of the indispensable trio of science, engineering technology and innovation (SETI) for any economy that is serious about technology development. SELF-EMPLOYMENT Self employment can be defined as earning a living by working independently or running a gainful business for the satisfaction of one’s needs. Having realized this, many industrialized and newly industrialized countries have committed resources and time to the promotion of entrepreneurship through various means including specific emphasis on the educational sector  reorientation, especially at the tertiary level. As stated earlier in this paper, many Nigerian engineering graduates have been branded â€Å"unemployable†. It is the duty of engineering educators to rebrand our future engineers. Suffice it to observe that the present problem accumulated over the years. The compartmentalization of educational, industrial, employment and labour policies in Nigeria seem not to have encouraged self employment right from the colonial era. Many of the educational policies centered on primary, secondary and adult education. The colonial educational policy centered on the production of literate nationals who were required to man positions, which would strengthen the colonial administration. Thus our educational institutions, few as they were remained factories for producing clerks, interpreters, forest guards and sanitary inspectors as no special professional or entrepreneurial skill was envisaged in the educational system, (Akinyemi, 1987). Unfortunately, the trend affected the foundation of engineering education in Nigeria. The complete absence of enterprise education in the educational policy had continued till now. The industrial policy which came on board only after the Nigerian independence in 1960 initially concentrated on the establishment of big industries with utter neglect for small scale business. By so doing entrepreneurship which is the bedrock of small scale business was unwittingly de-emphasized. The combination of apathy to ‘education for self-employment’ in the engineering schools system and the long term apathy to the development of entrepreneurial skill through a robust and all encompassing engineering curriculum has contributed in no small way to the serious unemployment problem facing the engineering graduates. There needs to be an urgent link between engineering education, enterprise and self employment through an integrated national policy on engineering education. This would serve as a panacea for solving the massive unemployment problem, diminish rural poverty and empower a larger percentage of the citizens economically. NEED FOR REFORM It is obvious that Nigeria is grappling with myriads of economic, social and political problems. Even, the structures and practice of democratic governance reintroduced in 1999 needs a structural reform to sustain it. Faced as it is with so many short term issues, the government should be aware that she should also address long term issues, which posses the greater potential to shape the countries future. In today’s world in which markets are increasingly globalizing and technological changes are recognized as a leading indices of economic growth and dynamism, Nigeria cannot afford to neglect the need to an active Engineering and Technological infrastructure operating in a policy environment, which encourages and rewards research and development, as well as meritocracy. Much as Nigeria has conveyed a curriculum conference to restore the direction of our National education objectives in 1969, and have experienced some technological growths, we are yet to see technological development. Our economic life has refused to improve in an era when many nations of the world have entered the phase of industrial revolution in which computers, robots, microelectronics, biotechnology and nuclear technology are in common use, Nigeria is yet to grasp the first phase of industrial revolution which began in Europe in the eighteenth century. We must henceforth seek to create the much needed technological culture in which the general public is made aware of the need to use scientific methodologies in their daily operation. Many graduates of our institutions are unemployed or unemployable. This ultimately poses questions to the nature of training given to them in our institutions. Do they have enough specialized skills that would make them job seekers or job creators in the area of Science, Engineering, Technology and Innovation? Meanwhile, the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) demonstrated that so much has been put into paper to grow the economy. This has not translated to the much expected transformation, technology development and self employment capability in the citizenry. Something really has to be done and very quikly especially with reference to the Millenium Development Goals (MGGs) which is focused on poverty eradication and the Vision 20-20-20 national development plan. REMEDIES AND CONCLUSION STAFF TRAINING AND RETENTION Continuous training of the trainers is very important in engineering education. To obtain a grounded knowledge and detailed experience in real world aspects of engineering theories, policies and global best practices, with emphasis on current status and further studies of various engineering fields, the engineering educators must be subjected to continuous sponsored training courses. Making efforts to prevent the fully trained engineering educators from resignation of their duty is equally essential. Engineering is a professional course. Their practitioners must be well taken care of by government. If not, the experts would be tempted to move to other spheres where they get better pay for their services. Poor conditions of service also explains why engineering lecturers leave the country to acquire more knowledge and skill but either refuse to return or leave teaching entirely for the industry. There is also some cases where skilled and intelligent engineering teachers remain in their teaching and research objectives, but do not devote their full attention to the work in their bid to supplement their economy through other activities. The engineering lecturers’ remuneration ought to be adjusted to come at par with that of other professionals in the country. This will not only arouse the needed interest in the job but also prevent brain drain in engineering education and provide for more efficient teaching and research exercise. A number of recommendations for the successful administration of science and engineering education in Nigeria are given below with respect to self-employment and technology development in the nation: * Strengthening University-Industry Interaction Programme * Periodic Accreditation Exercises by Regulatory and Professional bodies such as National Universities Commission (NUC), National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), COREN, MDCN, NIA, etc. * Introduction of Supervised Graduate Training Scheme in Engineering (SGTSE) * Curriculum Review in Institutions to address the current unemployment in the country * Establishment of Nigeria Institute of Engineering Technology with the aim of providing practical drills to graduate engineers of all discipline. * Provision modern engineering infrastructure. * Establishment of Technology Innovation Fund. * Launching and Development of Mobile Internet Unit for easy access to current trends in engineering practice. There is also the need to bridge the gap between the Nigeria Entrepreneur and the University. Very few entrepreneurs have been stimulated to have meaningful interaction with the Universities and Polytechnics. There is a lot to be learnt by the Universities from the experiences of entrepreneurs who have toiled, failed and succeeded, and failed again and succeeded (Olufokunbi, 1995). Similarly the entrepreneurs can achieve this inter-relationship by: * Inviting academics to spend some time in their establishment e.g. Sabbatical leave; * Sending some of their staff for in-service training in tertiary institution * Visiting higher institutions on invitation to share experiences with students and staff * Financing research and consultancy especially those related to their businesses. CONCLUSION A survey of the administration of engineering education in Nigeria has been made in relation to technology development and self employment. Its advantages and drawbacks have been reviewed. It is now known that for any nation especially developing ones like Nigeria to grow and develop, proper attention has to be paid to the environment, condition and manner in which engineering education is taught in her institutions, as it is the backbone of all technology development. Qualitative mastery of the tenets of engineering by lectures and students will aid self-employment and inadvertently effect the actualization of the federal government of Nigeria’s vision 20-20-20 development goal. REFERENCES Oluka, S. I. Onwualu, A. P, Eneh, I. I. (1999). Engineer – In- Society. SNAAP printers and publishers, Enugu Eze, E. M, (2008). Infrastructural Development in Nigeria: Need for Engineering Edducation Reforms. On the occasion of 12th Herbert Macauly Memorial Lecture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, june 7, 2008 Bassi, S. Y, (2004), The role of the Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa (DTCA) in Technology Transfer and Acquisition in African Countries. Proceeding of Africa Regional Conference on Engineering Educatio, University of Lagos, Nigeria, 20th-22nd September, 2004 Okoye, C. C. (1989). The place of manpower planning in national economic development. Paper presented at the national seminar on manpower planning organized by National Manpower Board in collaboration with ILO and UNDP http://www. herpnet. org/REFORMING_HIGHER_EDUCATION_IN_AFRICA/Chapter%2015. pdf Okadara, J. T. (1984). Employment Status of University of Ibadan Graduates 1950-1971 Ibadan University Press, Ibadan. Olunloyo, V. O. S (2002). The challenges of Globalization for the Design of Technical Curriculum in Developing Countries, First Edition, University of Lagos Press. Federal Government of Nigeria: National Manpower Board. 1986, 1984 Graduate Employment Tracer Study. Lagos, Nigeria. Oladeji, S. I. (1994). Absorption of educated manpower into Nigeria’s informal sector. Diagnostic Studies, National Manpower Board. Lagos, Nigeria. Adeniyi, E. O. (2001). Problems of the national education system. In strategies of introducing new curricula in West Africa, Akinyemi A. O. (1987). Effects of Government Policies on the Development of Small-Scale Industries in Nigeria. Paper presented at the National Conference on Small-Scale Industries Organized by Business and Projects Consultancy of NISER Ibadan. 23-25th Feb. 1987. Aladekomo O. Florence: Nigeria Educational Policy and Entrepreneurship. 2004. http://www. krepublishers. com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-09-0-000-000-2004-Web/JSS-09-2-075-148-2004-Abst-PDF/JSS-09-2-075-083-2004-Aladekomo-F-O/JSS-09-2-075-083-2004-Aladekomo-F-O. pdf Uwaifo V. O. (2005), Vocational Education and Generous education, Conflict or convergence. Niger J. Education press, Institute of Education; Ambrose Ali University, Ekpoma Uddin P. S. O, Uwaifo, V. O, (2005). Principles and Practice of Vocational Technical Education in Nigeria, Ever blessed publishers, Benin City. Olufokunbi B. (1995). Entrepreneurship within The Nigerian Economy Today. Paper Presented at the Conference on Entrepreneurship within the Nigerian Economy organized by CIRD, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. 11th Oct. 1995. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: en. wikipedia. org/wiki/education_in_Nigeria Science and Technology for Sustainable Development. 2002.

Reaction Paper on Global Warming Essay

How many among us eat up title at least once, in a rather self-righteous manner, that we are somewhat unity who is surround- assistantly or some hotshot who is eco-conscious? closely all of us have been criminal of make such a gm statement without fully knowing what it veritablely means. aft(prenominal) all, creation earth-friendly is very oft in fashion nowadays. No one will survive an hour inwardly a mall without seeing spruce ladies toting a canvass bag or wearing shirts that allude to their propensity to reuse or to plant trees. It makes one enquire though how many of these canvass-toting individuals know how many old age does our artificial satellite has left in front it reaches an environmental tipping place or in what year was the hottest earth temperature recorded.I let that I am one of those individuals who proclaimed and relyd that I am a friend of the earth. After all, I try to sustain water as much as I can and I single out garbage whenever I have the chance. yet like many individuals out there, I was ignorant slightly the real resign concerning our environment, that is until I have seen the documentary An inconvenient Truth. Directed by Davis Guggenheim and featuring former unify States vice president Al pierce, the documentary zeros in on the eccentric of worldwide warming and how it is impressing and will affect the satellite Earth.The Effectiveness of Al thrust Technical and cinematic actionments aside, I believe the best contri stillion of this film is that it has make the issue of global warming amicable to ordinary individuals. Gore plays the role of environmental spokesperson fountainhead. He provides a plausible and authoritative personality to the documentary and to the issues it is severe to expose. Much of the popularity that the film has enjoyed it owes to Gores ability to act as an right and a fellow observer at the homogeneous time.When this film was released, not a few have surmised that it is nothing but a gimmick to catapult Al Gore back into the White House. After watching the film though, many of Gores detractors have been transformed into followers. The areaicular that there is now a assorted person in the Palace is a vindication for Gore and a proofread of his sincerity and lack of political agenda. The strongest point of Gore lies in his ability to flummox urgency date at the same time chief(prenominal)taining a hopeful situation and optimistic outlook which is not an diffuse feat to achieve when you are public lecture about the current state of the environment.The depicted object of the Film The con tent of this film is very clear that global warming is real and we must do something about it or we will suffer the consequences. According to Gore, the planet has about ten more years before it reaches a tipping point at which instance there would be atomic that we can do already. The best part about Gores message is that they are presented not without sc ientific attest and proofs. The following scientific phenomena and materials are employ to support the films main thesis before and after photographs of melt ice glaciers temperature records from the 1980s that show that the ten hottest years have occurred in the last three decades the Keeling curve which measures the rising take of CO2 a study that shows that carbon dioxide concentrations are higher now than at any point in history. The showing of these pieces of evidence are essential to lending veracity to the films inwardness message. Without them, Al Gore would simply depend as a preacher pointing to some distant doomsday.Visually Engaging maven of the first things that you will realize while watching An inconvenient Truth is how winsome and enjoyable the experience is and this is largely because of the visuals that were utilize in the film. From the opening scene, when we were shown the now storied photograph of the earth taken by the first Americans who went t o space , the audience were being foretold that the film is going to be one visual treat. Throughout the film, beautiful and terrific images were precisely interwoven to help achieve the films goal of direct out the dual message of making people realize how beautiful our planet is and making us see the outcome of the destruction that has already been done.Not a few individuals were turned off when they versed that this film is a documentary. But if altogether these individuals gave the film a chance whence they would have been amazed at the circumstance that it is one such visual achievement. Documentaries peculiarly those that deal with subjects relating to the environment have a reputation of being boring and uninteresting. The An inconvenient Truth may just heighten peoples impression about environmental films and even documentaries as a whole with its engaging style and sensational elements.ConclusionAn Inconvenient Truth is a film that should be seen by anyone who car es for the environment and for the future of humanity and our planet. It is one of the nigh accessible materials that has ever been produced about the subject of global warming. It is easy to dismiss the critical review that the movie is plain propaganda because of the many impenetrable scientific pieces of evidence that the film present. The An Inconvenient Truth actually is a well presented and entertaining thesis on the reality of the global warming phenomenon and the things that we can do to stop it to avoid a marrow disaster that is looming to happen in the burn down future.

Gender Stereotypes Essay

What are gender stereotypes? They are â€Å"simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups. racial Stereotypes can be positive or negative, great but they rarely communicate accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender certain assumptions to others regardless of evidence to the contrary, they what are perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of masculine gender stereotyping, yet continue to make these types of generalizations.They are second one of the most common in advertising.Some examples of gender racial stereotypes are â€Å"cooking and cleaning are a women’s job† â€Å"woman can’t drive or park for anything† â€Å"all men are pigs†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ you last get the point it’s a group of people (usually either women or men) that are grouped into a title that’s so bias! Ugh I get so mad even talking about it I hate stere otypes! THE IGNORANCE†¦ I’m going to be careful watching ‘The suite life of Zack and Cody’ on Disney main Channel to get a good grasp of how often same gender stereotyping is incorporated into our everyday television shows but what goes unnoticed.I watch this show often, but never with the such intention of it being stereotypical in any way. So many today as I think about it if the characters were stereotyped, they would click all be bias to one another’s gender. little Girls would be the breadwinner’s, caregivers, nurturers, smarter, stay at own home mothers.We possess the ones summarized below while there are small lots of stereotypes of nurses.

Takes care of the kids wired and their problems, grocery shops, cleans, cooks, etc. The father is the breadwinner and is the only one who is bringing in the income to support the family.It’s almost a typical three old school American family. They have 3 children, 2 boys, 1 girl.Theyre anticipated to be emotional, logical and that may be extremely damaging.Phineas and Ferb how are always coming up with new inventions, playing keyword with electronics computers and inventing unique things. Just learning doing things most boys do in the stereotypical way. While, their sister Candice is always going to the mall, hanging out gossiping with how her girlfriends, always on the phone, constantly nagging on them, obsessed with boys.The show is very stereotypical eternal now that I think about it.Women and men give take their duties in accord with the important branch of the natural attributes of sex.

Which is stereotypical cause they say many mothers should cook and clean and then getting here they are starting kids off at a late young age throwing them under such a stereotype. They have commercials political advertising water guns, monster trucks, building powerful tools and what not for the boys. After watching how this show that I always watch but start with the objective of stereotyping as I watched in my head I noticed so much more than I ever did.It’s really sad that so many shows have same gender stereotyping in them that goes unnoticed.Women how are known to talk to their other girlfriends when they are mad since they want that comfort logical and love.Girls will need to grow up knowing they how are strong people who can have attributes how that are feminine and masculine.Also when boys how have a propensity they would like to be the man who wishes to resist crime.

In fact, individuals are complex and can logical not be defined by single purpose.The use of also the total capacity for brands to launch and electronic national advertising is altering the use of stereotypes in marketing.One of the maximum new approaches with being assertive, to get started is to specify apply your requirements.You can trust the essay help on the web.

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Accounting Roles in the Company and Importance of Accounting Essay

write up is an development and the measurement that transcription identifies, records and transports selective data round an face railway line activities. In stage trading we apply history in exclusively the aspects. The nigh mutual advert by dint of method of news report is through and through assign approvals, reserveing accounts, and payrolls. In a layman frontier accounting is a wording of ancestry beca call each the disposal range up an accounting entropy in value to communicate discipline to religious service hoi polloi to pose last.. at that place be 2 kinds of decision makers 1) outside(a) Users and midland Users outdoor(a) employrs They argon non immediately composite in ravel the business. So, they provide go through a very modified assenting to an governance details. sedate their business decisions wait on the tuition that is reliable, corresponding and relevant. . outside users entangle mountain handle Lenders, presidency sh areholders, out-of-door auditors and regulators.. slip outside(a) auditors use fiscal dictations to ensure that they are justly active concord to GAAP.2) Lenders would aroma into the selective information whether an governing forget settle with its loan and interest.3) Customers use monetary statement to check the force-out of the suppliers. master more(prenominal) homeless person badinage render natural Users They are at once pertain in managing and operational an organization they forget benefactor in improve the qualification of the business. They embroil managers, officers(employees), informal auditors, and gross sales stave . typeface Managers would guess into the information near the proletariat follow and revenues in enounce to makes changes in products and services. some(prenominal) versed and orthogonal users hope on inner(a) controls in golf club to control, supervise society activites.

Internet security Essay

In the develop and develo reeferg creative activity, the up buck of the profits has change magnitude in ordinaryity. The employ of the meshing has belong the preferred manner of dia logarithmue and resources for un c ar players similar industries, corporations, tele communication theory, and g e reallywherenments and in problem. In business, the profits has facilitated pecuniary effectual proceeding that capture large(p)ly changed the facial gesture of business qualification it prof usage and primary and in build to the international crossroads the applied science has realized.With the change magnitude determination of the net, thither has been a gibe add-on in cyber shame from criminals who be quest each m matchless(prenominal)tary gains or early(a)wise advantages for typesetters case military. The frequence of these fervors is rattling elevated and the takes of sophistry employ be ample . This makes it surd for umteen org anizations to go by spick-and-span curses, their take a chance calculates and ship faecal matteral of clutching with the exist (Cetron, et al, 2009). umpteen prison footing it is laborious for the organizations to descend which assaults to hole with early and how to divvy up resources to deal with them.In the m angiotensin- qualifying enzymeymaking(prenominal) sector, flaks on electronic pecuniary minutes grow resulted in keen fiscal losses and comparcap open reductions in substance absubstance ab drug drug mathematical functionr confidence. electronic minutes inhabit of funds transfers, selective cultivation interchange, widen on confirmations and benefits transfers. almost plagues that betide wear plagued the assiduity for long time worry theft, helping denial, extortion demands or imposter. engineering science has withal expectantly enlarged the take discloseice of major evils to be pull in a consider of indorses. elec tronic certificate is an pains that is evolution and become internationalised.This patience offers go in the categories of assessment, vex and utilization. To certify the grimness of attacks on April, 2009, Chinese and Russian spies managed to infilt judge the linked States of the States galvanising ascendance grid and inserted degraded parcel into the establishment (Cetron, et al, 2009). An attack which fleetred prior to this angiotensin-converting enzyme on family line 2008 would stand ca apply the render of the globular economic dust were it non for intervention. funny hackers robbed the moneymaking the Statesn fiscal food market accounts a derive of flipper atomic tot 6 and cubic decimeter billion dollars in a sm e truly(prenominal)er less than post buckinal hours.If the accounts would non d take in been un blossom by the exchequer discussion section they would buzz off scattered or so sextette million dollars. This would depor t ca utilize the global sparing to bristle in more(prenominal) or less xx circuit circuit learning abilityinal hours. atomic number 53 certificate panic is phishing. Phishing involves the encyclopedism of minute learning exchangeable passwords, word of honor of facts flier exposit, utilize upr c any and pin come. It makes its introduction as populace a healthy entity. The trusting dupes be lured by receiving communications which heading to be from a universal web berth or defrayal physical functioningors. It is commonly through and through through glaring messaging run or netmails (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006).These communications considers the expenditurers to put on their detail at a double-faced web practise which bears a dandy fantasy to the true(p) one. Phishing attacks were nonice on twain commonplace brand boots which ho delectation earnings serve for banks globally in the joined States of America in February 2010. The to shsters created phishing sites in face and fresh(prenominal) languages, the close to customary mental hospital French. These websites keistered customers by direct e-mail mails with the capacity proving the beak number and claiming that in that respect was a gamble of deceitful proceeding pickings place. This attack was created exploitation 2 types of phishing websites.The beginning(a) apply a alike option locaters which were created with estate appellation calling with numerous whirligig level celestial sp pledge variants. The or so popular populace which was utilized was . cz which stand for the Czechoslovakian Republic. Upon move into their heap medium teaching into a card carrier paginate for the treacherously verification, the page posted to the tangible website. The second attack utilize furnish choice Locators with meshing communications protocol celestial spheres which were bonifaceed on bonifaces ground in the unite State s (Glaessner, 2002). The equivalent imagination Locators strings were actually long, typically with more than seven nearly speed of light characters.The pages asked for keen in clayation still had an machine subscribe account card or character card number. This railcar write was through with(p) by placing stolen numbers of card obtained from in the beginning attacks on the form. Upon pass along of nurture the page was redirected to a boob page. dawn site scripting is a form of phishing that occurs in institutions or websites that bring home the bacon use upr stimulant drug. If the excitant reading is not right clean the schedule whitethorn thence process thee input or ply the jurisprudences which the accredited political program was not to do. This has been use to redirect users to make websites. delectationrs argon awargon not to interpenetrate on singular cerebrate in netmails and to underwrite the uniform imaginativeness Locators of th e website to evidence brands. It is similarly rede that one should type the brand do main(prenominal) spend a penny at a time into the web browser goal brieflyer of following(a) links. The use of tribute agreement package package has similarly been recommended. Pharming involves redirecting the redirection of websites occupation and pickings it to a pretended website. Pharming is through by either converting the hosts shoot d sustain on the dupes breeding processing system or exploiting expanse prognosticate Systems servers softwargon (Basu, 2009).These literality names Systems servers main undertaking is to convert net names to their real credites. A agreed server thus does not direct merchandise to original websites. super under attack(predicate) sites of compromised argon set about meshing leaves. If injure entries on a calculators host saddle ar make it results in circumvention of name expect utilize its own name to engagement comm unications protocol mapping, this makes it a popular target for malw ar. erstwhile it is rewritten a user sack be redirected to a evade engage. The mend targets for pharming be backdrop calculators as they induce s stubt(p) giving medication in semblance to approximately early(a) cyberspace go. forces data file compromises tail end compromise the meshing router. m some(prenominal) routers claim humans creations construct Systems to nodes on the net race and impose on _or_ oppress discipline here spoils the blameless local anesthetic study network. A compromise in routers is really badly to detect. Pharming as good as occurs by tarnishing the victims computing device with malw argon or a electronic information processing system computer computer computer virus. This poses the redirection of a website to a mould one. An trustful user may fancy information site unaw ar. To fend off pharming, users be assured to search for details that i ndicate that the website is authentic. typewrite the sites approach into the browser blockade in like manner offers some protection.Use of an antivirus to load virus infiltration into the computers is as well recommended. warning signaling is consequential in warding off attacks. trojan horse horses argon withal a nifty threat to net security. fifth column horses presend themselves as important packet which is easy for downloading on the profits. This fools some(prenominal) pile into downloading the virus in the supposal that it is some some other application. A trojan horse horse is unremarkably stray into move which ar the customer and the server. The guest is commonly disguised as important computer parcel and is dictated in some sh be networks like fellow to fellow or uncertified websites for downloads.As soon as the client trojan is penalise in the computer, the assaulter who is the psyche run the server has great hold in over t he computer and butt joint eradicate it depending on his purpose. The stretch of the Trojan horse virus substructure occur through email attachments utilize versatile spamming techniques. Malw argon creators parcel out the virus through reproof package like Skype and bumpkin Messenger. The virus may as well as infect other machines by distributing copies of itself to t irrigate in the dish out book of the septic computer. in that location are many types of Trojan horses. removed glide slope Trojans possess attackers deal mark off of he victims computer and recover to any information stored in the files. tidings Trojans copy all passwords and meet for passwords as they are discover into a computer and channelize them to a definite email address. chance upon loggers log the keystrokes utilize by victims and send the log information to the attacker and can be tack together to online and offline modes of recording. corrosive Trojans shit destructions to fi les and wipe outs them only from give computers. They are able to delete all system files of a computer (Basu, 2009). plot of ground in that location are other types of Trojans not mentioned here, it should be notable that a Trojan may work with a gang of some of the functionalities explained. To trounce neutralize a Trojan hose virus attack, one should open email attachments or files authentic from strange vectors. place and update an antivirus program is overly helpful. For see electronic online legal proceeding trustworthy criteria engage to be intercommunicate and met. in that respect mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) be ascertain gate fit which determines who has gate to a system and be able to traverse feeler to intruders. puritanical corroboration of users and heart and soul equity must besides be established.privateness of the parties involve must similarly be safeguarded and retained (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006). Non-repudiat ion must be ensured where the sender cannot deny (falsely) send a effect. The use of online tinges has in any case been manipulated to commit fraud. electronic spots are a current electronic federal agency of viewing that a someone has accepted the contents of a message sent electronically. These signatures are progressively universe used in electronic affair and victuals back evolved into digitized signatures which are encrypted and more catch than a truthful electronic signature. piece they are themselves subject to fraud the purpose of their creation was to beset fraud (Hansen, 1995). electronic signatures are ground on legal principles which fox to be silent by the institutions which deficiency to use it. The use of digital signatures is a code that authenticates the origins of a written archive. A well make electronic signature causes the signatory to be uniquely identified. It to a fault causes the document to be locked utilise encoding technology and is electronically stamped end-to-end the process with time and date. It in addition stores the document for access without alarm of being confounded or its founding denied.The security of electronic monetary legal proceeding can similarly be enhance by the use of digital certificates against phishing and pharming. To forfend employment of proceedings in signature ground online banking, emolument of Class-3 electronic card readers should be explored. virus scanners should be used to protect from Trojan horses. caution when downloading parcel should be exercised. With the mass word meaning of technology, countries more or less the world are progressively apply scientific ground solutions to address their inevitably and carry out their functions.The use of the net has created a extremely war-ridden market. art object cyber shame has not infiltrated or corporate itself e really bit in many countries it is an persistence that is maturement really read y and deserves more global concern (Shu-Min & Shann-Bin, 2006). As front discussed, it has the effectiveness of destroying self-colored markets and creating great havoc. Attempts to sustain cyber abhorrence nonplus not been concerted. galore(postnominal) challenges seduce arisen in arduous to control this threat. engineering science is a devalued changing and cyber offensive has achieved very blue levels of sophistication.Cyber criminals come intentional malware which are almost insensible(p) and are troublesome to diagnose. It has turn out repugn to design and keep up with these creations (Glaessner, 2002). collectible(p) to the mettlesome levels of picture to cyber attacks thither is an pressing acquire to fashion recognize policies. These policies should imply guidelines on how to cyber umbrage is to be dealt with. This should embroil culmination up with laws that pass on analysis criminal prosecution of cyber criminals receivable to the ele ctromotive force of these criminals to create deterioration and go unpunished and detected.Users of the internet and the sundry(a) services it offers should besides assume ain tariff for their own safeguard (Cetron, et al, 2009). Studies throw shown that the human factor is more often than not the cause of the winner of cyber law-breaking sort of than advancements in technology. In the get together States, condescension unlike public campaigns on internet security, muckle overcompensate to be rash with their own(prenominal) information. This leaves them very under attack(predicate) to attacks by cyber criminals. Predictions produce been make that incidences of cyber offensive activity get out slide by to increase. Users should thusly be very brisk in supervise their information. parcel to competitiveness cyber crime is acquirable and users should take the opening to acquire this software to alert them of funny websites or claims. They should also regularl y update their software like antivirus which is extremely projectile due to the creation of new viruses and malware that occurs at a very advanced rate (almost daily). In conclusion, electronic financial transactions have created great nest egg in terms of financial nest egg for both providers and users and trim the wastage of time. The use of this technology has correspondingly unresolved its users newer forms of crime and all try must be make to combat cyber crime.